Advanced Materials Science Research

Ocean And Coastal Sciences

Coastal oceans are commonly defined because the areas from the shoreline to the fringes of the continental margin. They connect the continents to the open ocean and function a link for transporting organic and inorganic, natural and anthropogenic material from land to sea. They are the foremost biologically productive a part of the ocean, the foremost fished, and therefore the most subject to anthropogenic modifications and extreme events. About half the planet population lives within 200 km from a coastline and this percentage is projected to grow. The increase of the human coastal zone population brings a greater demand for food, marine resources and recreational and commercial uses of the shore. The coastal ocean also encompasses the Exclusive Economic Zone (ECZ) defined by the United Nation Law of the ocean Treaty as a 200 nautical miles wide ocean area controlled by a given country facing that water. The oceans structure 70 percent of the earth and contains 97 percent of all the water on Earth. The vast amount of water stores the bulk of the planet’s moisture, terrestrial energy, and warmth from the Sun. This energy is transferred between the equator and therefore the two poles by larger surface currents by winds and deep ocean currents driven by differences in ocean density. It also provides the moisture and energy for storm systems and ultimately global climates. Phytoplankton, microscopic plants and animals within the oceans provide the inspiration of the worldwide food cycle of species. The earth’s oceans are so vital for all times that over 40 percent of the world’s population live 7.4 billion people near coastal areas.

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